Duduk

Duduk
Duduk
Duduk (landscape).jpg
A traditional duduk
Other names Ծիրանափող (Tsiranapogh), düdük, დუდუკი (duduki), дудка
Classification Wind instrument with double reed
Playing range
Duduk range.jpg
Musicians
Gevorg Dabaghyan, Djivan Gasparyan, Pedro Eustache, Vache Sharafyan, Alihan Samedov
A duduk

The duduk (Armenian: դուդուկ) (Turkish: Balaban), traditionally known since antiquity as a Ծիրանափող (Tsiranapogh) is a traditional woodwind instrument indigenous to Armenia.[1][2] Variations of it are popular in the Middle East and Central Asia.[2][3][4][5] The English word is often used generically for a family of ethnic instruments including the doudouk or duduk (դուդուկ), pronounced [duˈduk], also tsiranapogh ծիրանափող, pronounced [ʦiɾɑnɑˈpʰoʁ], literally "apricot horn" in Armenian), the balaban or mey in Turkey, the duduki in Georgia, the balaban in Azerbaijan,[6] the narmeh-ney in Iran, the duduka or dudka in Russia and Ukraine. The word itself is a loanword ultimately derived from Turkish "düdük",[7][8] likely of onomatopoeic origin. During the Ottoman occupation of Armenia, usage of the word "duduk" displaced the original of name the instrument, which was known since antiquity as a Tsiranapogh (Armenian: Ծիրանափող). The word dudka in Slavic languages is a diminutive of duda and is of native Slavic[9] origin. This instrument is not to be confused with the northwestern Bulgarian folk instrument of the same name (see below, Balkan duduk). It is a distant relative of East Asian instruments, such as the Chinese Guanzi, the Korean Piri and the Japanese Hichiriki. Unlike other double reed instruments such as the oboe or shawm, the Duduk has a very large (in proportion to the instrument) and unflattened reed, and is cylindrical in shape (not conical) giving it a quality closer to a clarinet or saxophone than a double-reed.

In 2005, UNESCO proclaimed the Armenian duduk music as a "Masterpiece of the Intangible Heritage of Humanity."[10][11]

Contents

Overview

A duduk mouthpiece

The duduk is a double reed instrument with ancient origins, said to be from 1500 to 3000 years old.[citation needed] The earliest instruments similar to the duduk's present form are made of bone or entirely of cane. Today the duduk is exclusively made of wood with a large double reed. Armenian duduks are mainly made from aged apricot wood. In the Republic of Azerbaijan and East Azarbaijan Province of Iran the instrument can be made of mulberry or other harder woods, such as walnut.[6]

In Armenian the instrument is called "tsiranapogh" or "apricot pipe".[12] In Azerbaijan it is called "balaban" and "düdük".[6]

The particular tuning depends heavily on the region which it is played. In the twentieth century the Armenian duduk began to be standardized diatonic in scale and single-octave in range. Accidentals, or chromatics are achieved using fingering techniques. The instrument's body also has different lengths depending upon the range of the instrument and region. The reed (Armenian: եղեգն, eġegn), is made from one or two pieces of cane in a duck-bill type assembly. Unlike other double-reed instruments, the reed is quite wide, helping to give the duduk both its unique, mournful sound, as well as its remarkable breath requirements. The duduk player is called dudukahar (դուդուկահար) in Armenian.

The performer uses air stored in his cheeks to keep playing the instrument while he inhales air into his lungs. This “circular” breathing technique is commonly used with all the double-reed instruments in the Middle East.[6] Duduk is invariably played with the accompaniment of a second 'dum Duduk,' which gives the music an energy and tonic atmosphere, changing the scale harmoniously with the principal Duduk.[13]

History

Armenian musicologists cite evidence of the duduk's use as early as 1200 BC, though Western scholars suggest it is 1,500 years old.[14] Variants of the duduk can be found in Armenia and the Caucasus. The history of the Armenian duduk music is dated to the reign of the Armenian king Tigran the Great, who reigned from 95–55 B.C.[15] According to ethnomusicologist Dr. Jonathan McCollum the instrument is depicted in numerous Armenian manuscripts of the Middle Age. He also says:

The duduk is actually the only truly Armenian instrument that’s survived through history, and as such is a symbol of Armenian national identity. The most important quality of the duduk is its ability to express the language dialectic and mood of the Armenian language, which is often the most challenging quality to a duduk player.[16]

Balkan duduk

While the term duduk most commonly refers to the double reed instrument described on this page, there is a different instrument of the same name played in northwestern Bulgaria. This is a blocked-end flute resembling the Serbian frula, known also as kaval or kavalče in a part of Macedonia.[17] Made of maple or other wood, it comes in two sizes: 700–780 mm and 240–400 mm (duduce). The blocked end is flat. Playing this type of duduk is fairly straightforward and easy, and its sound is clean and pleasant.

Film music

The sound of the duduk, if not the instrument itself, has become known to a large audience through its use in popular film soundtracks. Starting with Peter Gabriel's score for Martin Scorsese's The Last Temptation of Christ, the duduk's archaic and mournful sound has been employed in a variety of genres to depict such moods. Djivan Gasparyan played the duduk in Gladiator, Syriana, and Blood Diamond, among others.[18] The duduk has also been used in Battlestar Galactica[19]

In popular culture

The 2010 Eurovision Song Contest entry from Armenia "Apricot Stone", which finished 7th in the final, featured prominent duduk played by Djivan Gasparyan.

Movie soundtracks
A duduk player
Television soundtracks


Video game scores

The duduk also appears on "Zachem Ya" by T.A.T.u. (from the album 200_Po_Vstrechnoy, 2001), on "Jenny Wren" by Paul McCartney (2005), and "All That I Am" by Rob Thomas (from the album ...Something To Be, 2006).


Anime soundtracks
  • Tales from Earthsea by Tamiya Terashima, in the tracks "The Trip", "The Spider" and "Violent Robbery/The Seduction of the Undead".[31]

See also

Melody performed with duduk instrument by SERGO.TEL.
Traditional folk song with balaban instrument, "Gözəlim Sənsən" ("Beloved Sweetheart")

Notes

  1. ^ Broughton, Simon et al (1999). "World music: the rough guide.". books.google.co.uk. http://books.google.co.uk/books?id=gyiTOcnb2yYC&pg=PA335. Retrieved 8 March 2011. 
  2. ^ a b Stokes, Jamie (2008). Peoples of Africa and the Middle East, Volume 1. ISBN 978-0816071586. http://books.google.co.uk/books?id=stl97FdyRswC&pg=PA63. Retrieved 8 March 2011. 
  3. ^ [1] Dialog among civilizations Caucasus, Page 32
  4. ^ [2]
  5. ^ [3] UNESCO/Culture/Armenia
  6. ^ a b c d Albright, Ch. "BĀLĀBĀN." Encyclopaedia Iranica.
  7. ^ (Russian) "Дудук." Great Soviet Encyclopedia.
  8. ^ Russian language dictionary in 4 volumes. Volume 1. 1999
  9. ^ “дуда” in М. Фасмер (1986), Этимологический Словарь Русского Языка (Москва: Прогресс), 2-е изд. — Перевод с немецкого и дополнения О.Н. Трубачёва
  10. ^ UNESCO. Armenian Duduk Music -Masterpiece Of The Oral And Intangible Heritage Of Humanity
  11. ^ Farmer, H.G. "Mizmār." Encyclopaedia of Islam, 2nd Ed., v. 7. P. Bearman et al. (eds.) Leiden: Brill, 1993, p. 209.
  12. ^ Armenian apricot at welcomearmenia.com
  13. ^ [4] Duduk Info
  14. ^ Encyclopedia.com:DJIVAN GASPARYAN
  15. ^ "The roots of Armenian duduk music go back to the times of the Armenian king Tigran the Great (95-55 BC)": "The Duduk and its Music. UNESCO. Accessed February 8, 2010.
  16. ^ Turpin, Andy. "Nothing Sounds Armenian Like a Duduk: ALMA Lecture". The Armenian Weekly. 2010-02-12. http://www.armenianweekly.com/2010/02/12/nothing-sounds-armenian-like-a-duduk/. Retrieved 2010-02-22. 
  17. ^ www.macedoniadirect.com/instruments/supelki.htm
  18. ^ Gasparian article at imdb.com
  19. ^ Duduk article from composer Bear McCreary's Battlestar Galactica site
  20. ^ "Ararat". Filmtracks.com. 2002-11-05. http://www.filmtracks.com/titles/ararat.html. Retrieved 2010-02-15. 
  21. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v w x "Chris Bleth Movie Credits". Chrisbleth.com. http://www.chrisbleth.com/credits.html. Retrieved 2010-02-15. 
  22. ^ Other reviews by Mike Brennan (2005-12-02). "soundtrack.net". soundtrack.net. http://www.soundtrack.net/albums/database/?id=3943. Retrieved 2010-02-15. 
  23. ^ Gladiator by Hans Zimmer and Lisa Gerrard
  24. ^ "Hulk (Danny Elfman)". Filmtracks.com. 2003-06-17. http://www.filmtracks.com/titles/hulk.html. Retrieved 2010-02-15. 
  25. ^ Savita Gautham. "inese rhapsody". The Hindu. http://www.hinduonnet.com/thehindu/mp/2003/10/23/stories/2003102301100200.htm. Retrieved 2003-10-23. 
  26. ^ "Hotel Rwanda Film Music"http://www.musicweb-international.com/film/2006/apr06/hotelrwanda.html
  27. ^ "Instruments of Battlestar Galactica: Duduk". Bearmccreary.com. 2006-09-28. http://www.bearmccreary.com/blog/?p=42. Retrieved 2010-02-15. 
  28. ^ Runner, Blade (2004-02-26). "Duduk: The Instrument That Makes Hollywood Cry". Galactica-station.blogspot.com. http://galactica-station.blogspot.com/2006/10/duduk-instrument-that-makes-hollywood.html. Retrieved 2010-02-15. 
  29. ^ "Battlestar Galactica: Season Two". Musicweb-international.com. http://www.musicweb-international.com/film/2006/dec06/bsg_s2.html. Retrieved 2010-02-15. 
  30. ^ "Children of Dune". Cinemusic.net. http://www.cinemusic.net/2008/12/27/children-of-dune/. Retrieved 2010-02-15. [dead link]
  31. ^ Benoit Basirico (2005-11-14). "Gedo Senki (Les Contes de Terremer)". Cinezik.org. http://www.cinezik.org/critiques/affcritique.php?titre=contes_terremer. Retrieved 2010-02-15. 

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