Hyperinsulinism

Hyperinsulinism

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Hyperinsulinism or hyperinsulinemia refers to an above normal level of insulin in the blood of a person or animal. Normal insulin secretion and blood levels are closely related to the level of glucose in the blood, so that a given level of insulin can be normal for one blood glucose level but low or high for another. Hyperinsulinism can be associated with several types of medical problems, which can be roughly divided into two broad categories: those tending toward reduced sensitivity to insulin and high blood glucose levels (hyperglycemia), and those tending toward excessive insulin secretion and low glucose levels (hypoglycemia).

Hyperinsulinism due to diminished sensitivity, associated with diabetes risk

Although many factors influence insulin secretion, the most important control is the amount of glucose moving from the blood into the beta cells of the pancreas. In healthy people, even small rises in blood glucose result in increased insulin secretion. As long as the pancreatic beta cells are able to sense the glucose level and produce insulin, the amount of insulin secreted is usually the amount required to maintain a fasting blood glucose between 70 and 100 mg/dL (3.9-5.6 mmol/L) and a non-fasting glucose level below 140 mg/dL (<7.8 mmol/L).

When liver cells and others that remove glucose from the blood become less sensitive and more resistant to the insulin, the pancreas increases secretion and the level of insulin in the blood rises. This increased secretion can compensate for reduced sensitivity for many years, with maintenance of normal glucose levels. However, if insulin resistance worsens or insulin secretion ability declines, the glucose levels will begin to rise. Persistent elevation of glucose levels is termed diabetes mellitus.

Typical fasting insulin levels found in this type of hyperinsulinism are above 20 μU/mL. When resistance is severe, levels can exceed 100 μU/mL.

In addition to being a risk factor for type 2 diabetes, hyperinsulinism due to insulin resistance may increase blood pressure and contribute to hypertension by direct action on vascular endothelial cells (the cells lining blood vessels). Hyperinsulinism has also been implicated as a contributing factor in the excessive production of androgens in polycystic ovary syndrome.

The principal treatments of hyperinsulinism due to insulin resistance are measures that improve insulin sensitivity, such as weight loss, physical exercise, and drugs such as thiazolidinediones or metformin.

Hyperinsulinism due to inappropriate secretion, associated with hypoglycemia

Hyperinsulinism is also used in medical contexts to refer to forms of hypoglycemia caused by excessive insulin secretion. In normal children and adults, insulin secretion should be minimal when blood glucose levels fall below 70 mg/dL (3.9 mM). There are many forms of hyperinsulinemic hypoglycemia caused by various types of insulin excess. Some of those that occur in infants and young children are termed congenital hyperinsulinism. In adults, severe hyperinsulinemic hypoglycemia is often due to an insulinoma, an insulin-secreting tumor of the pancreas.

Insulin levels above 3 μU/mL are inappropriate when the glucose level is below 50 mg/dL (2.8 mM), and may indicate hyperinsulinism as the cause of the hypoglycemia. The treatment of this form of hyperinsulinism depends on the cause and the severity of the hyperinsulinism, and may include surgical removal of the source of insulin, or a drug such as diazoxide or octreotide that reduces insulin secretion.

Dr. Seale Harris first diagnosed hyperinsulinism in 1924 cite web|title="Restore Your Health Safely and Sensibly"|work=Liteforlife.com|url=http://www.liteforlife.com/sealeharris.html|accessdate=2007-02-24] and also is credited with the recognition of spontaneous hypoglycemia.cite web|title="Seale Harris"|work=Alabama State Archives|url=http://www.archives.state.al.us/famous/s_harris.html|accessdate=2007-02-24]

Hyperinsulinism due to insulin injection

The treatment of diabetes mellitus with insulin replacement therapy can easily result in diabetic hypoglycemia due to the difficulty of balancing insulin delivery.

Transient hyperinsulinism can also occur when insulin is injected by non-diabetic athletes attempting to enhance their anaerobic performance.

References


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Look at other dictionaries:

  • hyperinsulinism — [hī΄pərin′sə lin iz΄əm] n. chronic excessive secretion of insulin from the pancreas, resulting in persistent hypoglycemia …   English World dictionary

  • hyperinsulinism — noun Etymology: International Scientific Vocabulary Date: 1924 the presence of excess insulin in the body resulting in hypoglycemia …   New Collegiate Dictionary

  • hyperinsulinism — /huy peuhr in seuh li niz euhm, ins yeuh /, n. Pathol. excessive insulin in the blood, resulting in hypoglycemia. [1920 25; HYPER + INSULIN + ISM] * * * …   Universalium

  • hyperinsulinism — noun hyperinsulinemia …   Wiktionary

  • hyperinsulinism — Increased levels of insulin in the plasma due to increased secretion of insulin by the beta cells of the pancreatic islets; decreased hepatic removal of insulin is a cause in some patients, although h. usually is associated with insulin… …   Medical dictionary

  • hyperinsulinism — n. excessive secretion of insulin (Medicine) …   English contemporary dictionary

  • hyperinsulinism — hy·per·in·su·lin·ism …   English syllables

  • hyperinsulinism — n. 1) excessive secretion of the hormone insulin by the islet cells of the pancreas. 2) metabolic disturbance due to administration of too much insulin …   The new mediacal dictionary

  • hyperinsulinism — hy•per•in•su•lin•ism [[t]ˌhaɪ pərˈɪn sə lɪˌnɪz əm, ˈɪns yə [/t]] n. pat the presence of excessive insulin in the blood, resulting in hypoglycemia • Etymology: 1920–25 …   From formal English to slang

  • hyperinsulinism — ˌ ̷ ̷ ̷ ̷ˈ ̷ ̷( ̷ ̷) ̷ ̷ˌizəm noun ( s) Etymology: International Scientific Vocabulary hyper + insulin + ism : the presence of excess insulin in the body resulting in hypoglycemia and often accompanied by weakness, susceptibility to fatigue,… …   Useful english dictionary

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