Programmed instruction

Programmed instruction

Programmed instruction is the name of the technology invented by the behaviorist B.F. Skinner to automate teaching. It was based on his theory of Verbal Behavior as a means to accelerate conventional educational learning.

Programmed Instruction

It consists of self-teaching with the aid of a textbook or teaching machine that presents material structured in a logical sequence. Programmed instruction allows students to answer questions about a unit of study at their own rate, checking their own answers and advancing only after answering correctly. After each step, they are presented with a question to test their comprehension, then are immediately shown the correct answer or given additional information.

Programmed Learning

This idea was later adapted by Robert M. Gagné, who invented programmed learning for use in teaching in schools. The difference between programmed instruction (PI) and programmed learning (PL) is that PI is intended to modify behavior, whereas PL is used for teaching facts and skills.

Personalized System of Instruction

"Personalized System of Instruction" or (PSI), developed by Fred S. Keller, was another idea for how to incorporate programmed learning into the classroom. [Keller, F.S.(1968) Goodbye Teacher, Journal of Applied Behavior Analysis [http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?artid=1310979] ]

Errorless Discrimination

Programmed instruction is through early efforts to implement Skinner's basic research findings on learning at Harvard that caused errorless discrimination [Terrace HS. Discrimination learning with and without “errors” J Exp Anal Behav. 1963 Jan;6(1):1–27 [http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pubmed&pubmedid=13980667] ] techniques to be developed. [Skinner, B.F. (1968) Technology of Teaching, index] Programmed instruction had some early success in aphasia rehabilation [Goldfarb, R. (2006). Operant Conditioning and Programmed Instruction in Aphasia Rehabilitation. "SLP-ABA, 1.(1)," 56-64 ] .

Programmed instruction today

While not as popular [Goldfarb, R. (2006). Operant Conditioning and Programmed Instruction in Aphasia Rehabilitation. "SLP-ABA," 1(1), Page 56-64 [http://www.behavior-analyst-online.org BAO] ] , programmed instruction continues to be used today. Recently, the application of programmed instruction principles was applied to training in computer programs [ Emurian, H.H. (2007a). Programmed Instruction for Teaching Java: Consideration of Learn Unit Frequency and Rule-Test Performance. "The Behavior Analyst Today, 8( 1)", 70-88 [http://www.behavior-analyst-online.org] ] [ Emurian, H.H. (2007b). Teaching Java™: Managing Instructional Tactics to Optimize Student Learning." International Journal of Information & Communication Technology Education, 3(4)", 34-49 [http://nasa1.ifsm.umbc.edu/cv/Emurian_IJICTE_2007.pdf] ] [Emurian, H.H., Holden, H.K., & Abarbanel, R.A. (2008). Managing Programmed Instruction and Collaborative Peer Tutoring in the Classroom: Applications in Teaching Java™. Computers in Human Behavior, 24(2), 576 - 614.] and combined with Benjamin Bloom's taxonomy to teach college students [Crone-Todd, D. F. & Pear, J.J. (2001) Application of Bloom's Taxonomy to PSI." The Behavior Analyst Today, 2 (3)", 204 -215. [http://www.behavior-analyst-online.org BAO] ] . Some have argued that there is a resurgence of research on programmed instruction due to use of computers and the internet, [ Eyre, H.L.(2007). Keller’s Personalized System of Instruction: Was it a Fleeting Fancy or is there a Revival on the Horizon?"The Behavior Analyst TodayTM Volume 8, No. 3", 317-324. [http://www.behavior-analyst-online.org BAO] ]

External links

* [http://wik.ed.uiuc.edu/index.php/Programmed_instruction#References_and_other_links_of_interest Programmed Instruction]

References


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  • programmed instruction — UK [ˌprəʊɡræmd ɪnˈstrʌkʃ(ə)n] / US [ˌproʊɡræmd ɪnˈstrʌkʃən] or programmed learning UK [ˌprəʊɡræmd ˈlɜː(r)nɪŋ] / US [ˌproʊɡræmd ˈlɜrnɪŋ] noun [uncountable] a method of teaching in which information is broken down into small units. Individual… …   English dictionary

  • programmed instruction — n. instruction in which individual students answer questions about a unit of study at their own rate, checking their own answers and advancing only after answering correctly …   English World dictionary

  • programmed instruction — noun : instruction through information given in small steps with each requiring a correct response by the learner before going on to the next step * * * Educ. a progressively monitored, step by step teaching method, employing small units of… …   Useful english dictionary

  • programmed instruction — Educ. a progressively monitored, step by step teaching method, employing small units of information or learning material and frequent testing, whereby the student must complete or pass one stage before moving on to the next. Also called… …   Universalium

  • programmed instruction — noun Date: 1961 instruction through information given in small steps with each requiring a correct response by the learner before going on to the next step …   New Collegiate Dictionary

  • programmed instruction — pro|grammed in|struc|tion [ ,prougræmd ın strʌkʃən ] or pro|grammed learn|ing [ ,prougræmd lɜrnıŋ ] noun uncount a method of teaching in which information is broken down into small units. Individual students progress at their own rate and must… …   Usage of the words and phrases in modern English

  • programmed instruction — pro′grammed instruc′tion n. edu a monitored, step by step teaching method in which a student must master one stage before moving on to the next • Etymology: 1960–65 …   From formal English to slang

  • programmed learning — noun Learning by programme (qv above) • • • Main Entry: ↑programme * * * programmed learning variant UK [ˌprəʊɡræmd ˈlɜː(r)nɪŋ] US [ˌproʊɡræmd ˈlɜrnɪŋ] Main entry: programmed instruction * * * …   Useful english dictionary

  • programmed learning — programmed instruction UK [ˌprəʊɡræmd ɪnˈstrʌkʃ(ə)n] / US [ˌproʊɡræmd ɪnˈstrʌkʃən] or programmed learning UK [ˌprəʊɡræmd ˈlɜː(r)nɪŋ] / US [ˌproʊɡræmd ˈlɜrnɪŋ] noun [uncountable] a method of teaching in which information is broken down into small… …   English dictionary

  • programmed — pro·grammed or pro·gramed (prōʹgrămd , grəmd) adj. Of, relating to, or resulting from programmed instruction: programmed learning. * * * …   Universalium

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