Almroth Wright

Almroth Wright

Infobox Scientist
name = Almroth Wright
box_width =


image_width =150px
caption = Sir Almroth E. Wright at Cambridge.
birth_date = August 10, 1861
birth_place = Middleton Tyas, Yorkshire, England.
death_date = April 301947
death_place = Farnham Common, Buckinghamshire, England
residence = Australia, France, Germany, England.
citizenship =
nationality = United Kingdom
ethnicity =
field = bacteriology immunology
work_institutions = Netley Hospital St Mary's Hospital, London
alma_mater = Trinity College, Dublin
doctoral_advisor =
doctoral_students =
known_for = vaccination through the use of autogenous vaccines
author_abbrev_bot =
author_abbrev_zoo =
influences =
influenced =
prizes =
religion = Atheist
footnotes =

Sir Almroth Edward Wright, KBE, CB (1861-1947) was a British bacteriologist and immunologist. He is best known for advancing vaccination through the use of autogenous vaccines (prepared from the bacteria harboured by the patient) and also through typhoid vaccination with typhoid bacilli killed by heat.

Biography

In the 19th century, Wright worked with the armed forces of Britain to develop vaccines and promote immunisation.

In 1902 Wright started a research department at St Mary's Hospital Medical School in London. He developed a system of anti-typhoid inoculation and a method of measuring protective substances (opsonin) in human blood. Citing the example of the Second Boer War, during which many soldiers died from easily preventable diseases, Wright convinced the armed forces that 10 million vaccines for the troops in northern France should be produced during World War I. Among the many bacteriologists who followed in Wright's footsteps at St Mary's was Sir Alexander Fleming, who in turn later discovered lysozyme and penicillin.

Wright warned early on that antibiotics would create resistant bacteria, something that has proven an increasing danger. He made his thoughts on preventive medicine influential, stressing preventive measures. Wright's ideas have been re-asserted recently—50 years after his death—by modern researchers in articles in such periodicals as "Scientific American".

He also proposed that logic be introduced as a part of medical training, but his idea was never adopted. Wright also pointed out that Pasteur and Fleming, although both excellent researchers, had not actually managed to find cures for the diseases which they had sought cures, but instead had stumbled upon cures for totally unrelated diseases.

"The Unexpurgated Case Against Woman Suffrage" by Sir Almroth Wright M.D. F.R.S. was published in 1913, and is available on Project Gutenberg.

Wright was immortalised by George Bernard Shaw as Sir Colenso Ridgeon in the play 'The Doctor's Dilemma' written in 1906.

Works

*"The Unexpurgated Case against Woman Suffrage" (1913)
*"Pathology and Treatment of War Wounds" (1942)
*"Researches in Clinical Physiology" (1943)
*"Studies on Immunization" (2 vol., 1943–44)

References

*Citation
id = PMID:17575871
url= http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17575871
last=Walker
first=N M
publication-date=2007 Mar
year=2007
title=Edward Almroth Wright.
volume=153
issue=1
periodical=Journal of the Royal Army Medical Corps
pages=16-7

*Citation
id = PMID:17356738
url= http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17356738
last=Stone
first=Marvin J
publication-date=2007
year=2007
title=The reserves of life: William Osler versus Almroth Wright.
volume=15 Suppl 1
issue=
periodical=Journal of medical biography
pages=28-31

*Citation
id = PMID:12486306
url= http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12486306
last=Diggins
first=Francis
publication-date=2002 Dec
year=2002
title=Who was...Almroth Wright?
volume=49
issue=6
periodical=Biologist (London, England)
pages=280-2

*Citation
id = PMID:12215201
url= http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12215201
last=Matthews
first=J Rosser
publication-date=2002
year=2002
title=Almroth Wright, vaccine therapy, and British biometrics: disciplinary expertise versus statistical objectivity.
volume=67
issue=
periodical=Clio medica (Amsterdam, Netherlands)
pages=125-47

*Citation
id = PMID:10631532
url= http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10631532
last=Worboys
first=M
publication-date=1999
year=1999
title=Almroth Wright at Netley: modern medicine and the military in Britain, 1892-1902.
volume=55
issue=
periodical=Clio medica (Amsterdam, Netherlands)
pages=77-97

*Citation
id = PMID:9290433
url= http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9290433
last=Baron
first=J H
publication-date=1997 Jul
year=1997
title=Scurvy, Lancaster, Lind, Scott and Almroth Wright.
volume=90
issue=7
periodical=Journal of the Royal Society of Medicine
pages=415

*Citation
id = PMID:8667330
url= http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/8667330
last=Meynell
first=E W
publication-date=1996 Feb
year=1996
title=Some account of the British military hospitals of World War I at Etaples, in the orbit of Sir Almroth Wright.
volume=142
issue=1
periodical=Journal of the Royal Army Medical Corps
pages=43-7

*Citation
id = PMID:7711458
url= http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/7711458
last=Matthews
first=J R
publication-date=1995
year=1995
title=Major Greenwood versus Almroth Wright: contrasting visions of "scientific" medicine in Edwardian Britain.
volume=69
issue=1
periodical=Bulletin of the history of medicine
pages=30-43

*Citation
id = PMID:7966100
url= http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/7966100
last=Turk
first=J L
publication-date=1994 Oct
year=1994
title=Almroth Wright--phagocytosis and opsonization.
volume=87
issue=10
periodical=Journal of the Royal Society of Medicine
pages=576-7

*Citation
id = PMID:1820079
url= http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/1820079
last=Gillespie
first=W
publication-date=1991 Dec
year=1991
title=Paul Ehrlich and Almroth Wright.
volume=106
issue=4
periodical=West of England medical journal
pages=107, 118

*Citation
id = PMID:4612919
url= http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/4612919
last=Allison
first=V D
publication-date=1974
year=1974
title=Personal recollections of Sir Almroth Wright and Sir Alexander Fleming.
volume=43
issue=2
periodical=The Ulster medical journal
pages=89-98

*Citation
id = PMID:4485442
url= http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/4485442
last=Hatcher
first=J
publication-date=1972 Nov
year=1972
title=Sir Almroth Wright; pioneer of humanised cows' milk.
volume=86
issue=18
periodical=Midwives chronicle
pages=356

*Citation
id = PMID:14447829
url= http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/14447829
last=Fish
first=W
last2=Cope
first2=Z
last3=Gray
first3=A C
publication-date=1961 Jul
year=1961
title=Sir Almroth WRIGHT (1861-1947).
volume=107
issue=
periodical=Journal of the Royal Army Medical Corps
pages=130-6

*Citation
id = PMID:13699916
url= http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/13699916
last=FISH
first=W
last2=COPE
first2=Z
last3=GRAY
first3=A C
publication-date=1961 Jul
year=1961
title=Sir Almroth WRIGHT (1861-1947).
volume=107
issue=
periodical=Journal of the Royal Army Medical Corps
pages=130-6

*Citation
id = PMID:13082064
url= http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/13082064
last=COLEBROOK
first=L
publication-date=1953 Sep 19
year=1953
title=Almroth Wright; pioneer in immunology.
volume=2
issue=4837
periodical=British medical journal
pages=635-40

*

ee also

*Frederick F. Russell


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